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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Carl Johan Malmsten ： ウィキペディア英語版 Carl Johan Malmsten Carl Johan Malmsten (April 9, 1814 in Uddetorp, Skara County, Sweden – February 11, 1886 in Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish mathematician and politician. He is notable for early research〔“Om definita integraler mellan imaginära gränsor” (1865).〕 into the theory of functions of a complex variable, for the evaluation of several important logarithmic integrals and series, for his studies in the theory of Zeta-function related series and integrals, as well as for helping Mittag-Leffler start the journal ''Acta Mathematica''.〔(Mittag-Leffler and ''Acta'' ).〕 Malmsten became Docent in 1840, and then, Professor of mathematics at the Uppsala University in 1842. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1844. He was also a minister without portfolio in 1859–1866 and Governor of Skaraborg County in 1866–1879. ==Main contributions== Usually, Malmsten is known for his earlier works in complex analysis.〔 However, he also greatly contributed in other branches of mathematics, but his results were undeservedly forgotten and many of them were erroneously attributed to other persons. Thus, it was comparatively recently that it was discovered by Iaroslav Blagouchine〔(Iaroslav V. Blagouchine ''Rediscovery of Malmsten’s integrals, their evaluation by contour integration methods and some related results.'' The Ramanujan Journal, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 21-110, 2014. ) (PDF )〕 that Malmsten was first who evaluated several important logarithmic integrals and series, which are closely related to the gamma- and zeta-functions, and among which we can find the so-called ''Vardi's integral'' and the ''Kummer's series'' for the logarithm of the Gamma function. In particular, in 1842 he evaluated following lnln-logarithmic integrals :$\backslash int\backslash limits\_0^1\; \backslash !\backslash frac\backslash ,\}\backslash ,dx\backslash ,\; =$ \,\int\limits_1^\infty \!\frac\,dx\, = \,\frac\ln\left\}\sqrt\right\} :$\backslash int\backslash limits\_0^\backslash frac\}\backslash ,dx\; =\; \backslash int\backslash limits\_1^$ \!\frac\,dx = \frac \bigl(\ln\pi - \ln2 -\gamma\bigr), :$\backslash int\backslash limits\_0^\backslash !\; \backslash frac\}\backslash ,dx\; =$ \int\limits_1^\! \frac\,dx = \frac} :$\backslash int\backslash limits\_0^\backslash !\; \backslash frac\}\backslash ,dx\; =$ \int\limits_1^\! \frac\,dx = \frac} \biggr\} :$$ \int\limits_0^1 \!\frac} \,dx \,=\int\limits_1^\!\frac\,dx = \frac\ln \left\} \,\Gamma\!\left(\!\displaystyle\frac+\frac\!\right)} -\frac\!\right)}\right\} , \qquad -\pi<\varphi<\pi :$\backslash int\backslash limits\_0^\; \backslash !\backslash frac\}\backslash !\backslash frac\}\backslash sec\backslash frac\backslash !\backslash cdot\backslash ln\; \backslash pi\; +$ \frac\cdot\!\!\!\!\!\!\sum_^(n-1)} \!\!\!\! (-1)^ \cos\frac\cdot \ln\left\\right) } \right)}\right\} ,\qquad n=3,5,7,\ldots :$\backslash int\backslash limits\_0^\; \backslash !\backslash frac\}\backslash !\backslash frac\}$ \displaystyle \frac\tan\frac\ln2\pi + \frac\sum_^ (-1)^ \sin\frac\cdot \ln\left\+\displaystyle\frac\!\right) }\!\right)}\right\} ,\quad n=2,4,6,\ldots \\() \displaystyle \frac\tan\frac\ln\pi + \frac\!\!\!\!\! \sum_^(n-1)} \!\!\!\! (-1)^ \sin\frac\cdot \ln\left\\!\right) }\!\right)}\right\} ,\qquad n=3,5,7,\ldots \end The details and an interesting historical analysis are given in the Blagouchine's paper.〔 Many of these integrals were later rediscovered by various researchers, including Vardi,〔I. Vardi ''Integrals, an introduction to analytic number theory.'' American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 95, pp. 308-315, 1988.〕 Adamchik,〔V. Adamchik ''A class of logarithmic integrals.'' Proceedings of the 1997 International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation, pp. 1-8, 1997.〕 Medina〔L. A. Medina and V. H. Moll ''A class of logarithmic integrals.'' The Ramanujan Journal, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 91-126, 2009.〕 and Moll.〔V. H. Moll ''Some Questions in the Evaluation of Definite Integrals.'' MAA Short Course, San Antonio, TX. Jan. 2006.〕 Moreover, some authors even named the first of these integrals after Vardi, who re-evaluated it in 1988 (they call it ''Vardi's integral''), and so did many well-known internet resources such as Wolfram MathWorld site〔(Eric W. Weisstein ''Vardi's Integral''. From MathWorld-A Wolfram Web Resource. )〕 or OEIS Foundation site〔(N. J. A. Sloane ''Sequence A115252 in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences''. )〕 (taking into account the undoubted Malmsten priority in the evaluation of such a kind of logarithmic integrals, it seems that the name ''Malmsten's integrals'' would be more appropriate for them〔). Malmsten derived above formulae by making use of different series representations. At the same time, it has been shown that they can be also evaluated by methods of contour integration,〔 by making use of the Hurwitz Zeta function,〔 by employing polylogarithms〔 and by using L-functions.〔 More complicated forms of Malmsten's integrals appear in works of Adamchik〔 and Blagouchine〔 (more than 70 integrals). Below are several examples of such integrals : $$ \int\limits_0^1 \frac}\,dx =\int\limits_1^\infty \frac\,dx =\frac\ln\frac-\frac \left\\right) \right\} : $$ \int\limits_0^1 \!\frac}\,dx =\int\limits_1^\infty \!\frac\,dx =-\frac-\frac\ln\frac + \frac \left\\right) \right\} : $$ \int\limits_0^1 \frac}\, dx= \int\limits_1^\infty \frac\, dx = \frac : $$ \int\limits_0^1 \frac}\, dx = \int\limits_1^\infty \frac\, dx = \frac : $$ \begin \displaystyle \int\limits_0^1 \frac}-x^}\right)^\ln\ln\frac}\, dx = \int\limits_1^\infty \frac}-x^}\right)^\ln\ln}\, dx = \!\!\!&\displaystyle \frac \sum_^ \sin\dfrac\cdot\ln\Gamma\!\left(\!\frac\!\right) - \,\frac\cot\frac\cdot\ln\pi n \\() &\displaystyle - \,\frac\ln\!\left(\!\frac\sin\frac\!\right) - \,\frac \end : $$ \begin \displaystyle \int\limits_0^1 \frac}+x^}\right)\ln\ln\frac}\, dx = \int\limits_1^\infty \frac}+x^}\right)\ln\ln}\, dx = -\frac\!\sum_^ \! (-1)^l \cos\dfrac \cdot\ln\Gamma\!\left(\!\frac\right) \\() \displaystyle \,\, +\frac\! \sum_^ \! (-1)^l \sin\dfrac\cdot \Psi\!\left(\!\frac\right) -\frac \!\sum_^(-1)^l \cos\dfrac\cdot \Psi_1\!\left(\!\frac\right) + \,\frac\sec\dfrac\cdot\ln2\pi n \end where ''m'' and ''n'' are positive integers such that ''m''<''n'', G - is the Catalan's constant, ζ - stands for the Riemann zeta-function, Ψ - is the digamma function, Ψ1 - is the trigamma function; see respectively eq. (43), (47) and (48) in〔 for the first three integrals, and exercises no. 36-a, 36-b, 11-b and 13-b in〔 for the last four integrals respectively (the third integral being calculated in both works). It is curious that some of Malmsten's integrals lead to the gamma- and polygamma functions of a complex argument, which are not often encountered in analysis. For instance, as shown by Iaroslav Blagouchine,〔 : $$ \int\limits_0^1 \!\frac}\,dx =\int\limits_1^\!\frac\,dx = \frac \mathrm\!\left( - \ln\Gamma\!\left(\!\frac-\frac\right)\!\right ) -\frac-\frac see exercises 7-а and 37 respectively. By the way, Malmsten's integrals are also found to be closely connected to the Stieltjes constants.〔〔 (Iaroslav V. Blagouchine ''A theorem for the closed-form evaluation of the first generalized Stieltjes constant at rational arguments and some related summations'' Journal of Number Theory (Elsevier), vol. 148, pp. 537-592 and vol. 151, pp. 276-277, 2015. ) (arXiv PDF )〕〔(Math StackExchange: evaluation of a particular integral (created: March 8, 2014) )〕 In 1842, Malmsten also evaluated several important logarithmic series, among which we can find these two series :$$ \sum_^(-1)^\frac \,=\,\frac\big(\ln\pi - \gamma) -\pi\ln\Gamma\left(\frac\right) and :$$ \sum_^(-1)^ \frac \,=\,\pi\ln\left\-\frac}}+\frac\right)}\right\} - \frac\big(\gamma+\ln2 \big) -\frac\ln\cos\frac\,, \qquad -\pi The latter series was later rediscovered in a slightly different form by Ernst Kummer, who derived a similar expression :$$ \frac\sum_^\frac = \ln\Gamma(x) - \frac\ln(2\pi) + \frac\ln(2\sin\pi x) - \frac(\gamma+\ln2\pi)(1-2x)\,, \qquad 0 in 1847〔 (strictly speaking, the Kummer's result is obtained from the Malmsten's one by putting a=π(2x-1)). Moreover, this series is even known in analysis as ''Kummer's series'' for the logarithm of the Gamma function, although Malmsten derived it 5 years before Kummer. Malsmten also notably contributed into the theory of zeta-function related series and integrals. In 1842 he proved following important functional relationship for the L-function :$L(s)\backslash equiv\backslash sum\_^\backslash frac\; \backslash qquad\backslash qquad$ L(1-s)=L(s)\Gamma(s) 2^s \pi^\sin\frac, as well as for the M-function :$M(s)\backslash equiv\backslash frac^\backslash frac\; \backslash sin\backslash frac\; \backslash qquad\backslash qquad$ M(1-s)=\displaystyle\frac\sin\frac, where in both formulae 0Leonhard Euler already in 1749,〔L. Euler ''Remarques sur un beau rapport entre les séries des puissances tant directes que réciproques.'' Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres, année MDCCLXI, Tome 17, pp. 83-106, A Berlin, chez Haude et Spener, Libraires de la Cour et de l'Académie Royale, 1768 (in 1749 )〕 but it was Malmsten who proved it (Euler only suggested this formula and verified it for several integer and semi-integer values of s). Curiously enough, the same formula for L(s) was unconsciously rediscovered by Oscar Schlömilch in 1849 (proof provided only in 1858).〔〔G.H. Hardy ''Divergent series.''Oxford at the Clarendan press, 1949.〕〔H. Wieleitner ''Geschichte der Mathematik (2 vols. )'' Berlin, 1922-1923.〕〔(J. Dutka ''On the summation of some divergent series of Euler and the zeta functions.'' Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Volume 50, Issue 2, pp. 187-200, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 27.VIII.1996. )〕 Four years later, Malmsten derived several other similar reflection formulae, which turn out to be particular cases of the Hurwitz's functional equation. Speaking about the Malmsten's contribution into the theory of zeta-functions, we can not fail to mention (the very recent discovery ) of his authorship of the reflection formula for the first generalized Stieltjes constant at rational argument :$$ \gamma_1 \biggl(\frac\biggr)- \gamma_1 \biggl(1-\frac \biggr) =2\pi\sum_^ \sin\frac \cdot\ln\Gamma \biggl(\frac \biggr) -\pi(\gamma+\ln2\pi n)\cot\frac where ''m'' and ''n'' are positive integers such that ''m''<''n''. This identity was derived, albeit in a slightly different form, by Malmsten already in 1846 and has been also discovered independently several times by various authors. In particular, in the literature devoted to Stieltjes constants, it is often attributed to Almkvist and Meurman who derived it in 1990s.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Carl Johan Malmsten」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.